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      "label": "客，并不算是人类学科学研究，因为绝大多数背包客并不具备必要的研",
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      "label": "究工具，也未受过必要的研究训练。很多时候，他们的观察漫无章法，",
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      "label": "而且带有偏见。想成为值得信赖的人类学家，就得学习如何摆脱先入为",
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    {
      "label": "主的想法和偏见，用系统的客观方式观察人类文化。这就是人类学专业",
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      "label": "要教的内容，也是拉近不同文化的距离，人类学家的角色会如此重要的",
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      "label": "原因。",
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      "label": "然而，有关心智的科学研究很少遵照这种人类学的模式。人类学家",
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      "label": "常常是亲身前往遥远的岛屿和神秘的国度，再回来报告自己的调查结果；",
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      "label": "研究心智的学者却很少这样亲身前往心智的国度。原因在于，我们唯一",
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      "label": "能直接观察到的只有自己的心智。不带偏见地观察萨摩亚文化已经是件",
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      "label": "难事，想要客观观察自己的心智则更为困难。经过一个多世纪的努力，",
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      "label": "今日的人类学家已经拥有许多强大的研究程序，用来做到客观观察。但",
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      "label": "相较之下，研究心智的学者虽然也有许多工具可以用来收集和分析二手",
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      "label": "资料，但要直接观察人类的心智，根本就是隔靴搔痒。",
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      "label": "我们既然没有直接观察心智的现代方法，不妨尝试一下前现代化文",
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      "label": "化发展出的一些工具。有些古代文化对于心智研究早有关注，而且依靠",
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      "label": "的不是二手数据，而是有系统地训练如何观察自己的心智。过去发展出",
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      "label": "的这些方法，现在都归在“冥想”这一大类。虽然现在讲到冥想，常常",
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      "label": "是与宗教和神秘主义有关，但原则上，冥想就是直接观察自己心智的另",
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      "label": "一种方法。确实，许多宗教都在广泛应用各种冥想的技巧，但并不代表",
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      "label": "冥想就一定与宗教有关。这就像许多宗教也会广泛读书，但并不代表读",
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    {
      "label": "书就是一种宗教习俗。",
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      "label": "几千年来，人类已经发展出几百种冥想技巧，原则和效果也各不相",
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    {
      "label": "同。我自己只试过“内观”这一种，因此也只有资格谈谈这一种。和许",
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